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Vaccine Market and Production in America
| 작성자 | 임이슬 | 카테고리 | 전문가 인사이트 |
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| 작성일 | 2017-10-10 | 조회수 | 3,891 |
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Vaccine Market and Production in America
- 글 Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- GPKOL위원
세부 전문분야 및 컨설팅 내용
- R&D 기획(R&D Planning/Clinical Trial/GMP, GCP and Regulatory Affairs/Project management)
- OneResearch Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Medicine and Center for Global Health and Translational Science, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, Global Pharma Key Opinion Leader) position at the KHIDI (Korea Health Industry Development Institute).
ABBREVIATION
A: Diphtheriatoxoid- tetanustoxoid- acellularpertussis- inactivated polio- Haemophilusinfluenzaetype b (DTaP-IPV-Hib).
B: Diphtheriatoxoid- tetanustoxoid- acellularpertussis- hepatitis B- inactivated polio- Haemophilusinfluenzaetype b (DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib).
C: Diphtheriatoxoid- tetanustoxoid- acellularpertussis- inactivated polio ortetanustoxoid- reduceddiphtheriatoxoid- reducedacellularpertussis- inactivated polio.
D: Tetanustoxoid- reduceddiphtheriatoxoid- reducedacellularpertussis (Tdap).
E: Rotavirus: Rotavirus pentavalentvaccine.
F: Pneumococcalconjugate 13-valent (Pneu-C-13).
G: Meningococcalconjugatemonovalent.
H: Meningococcalconjugatemonovalentormeningococcalconjugatequadrivalent.
I: Measles-mumps-rubella.
J: Varicella (chickenpox).
K: Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella.
L: Hepatitis B.
M: Hepatitis B.
N: Human papillomavirus (HPV).
O: Human papillomavirus.
P: Influenza
ABSTRACT
Due to the socio-economic characteristics of each country in the American continent, the understanding of vaccine production and its market it is very relevant and its variation is dramatic. The region has a significant misbalance among producers and buyers since most of the vaccines are produce in north America but the acquisition of vaccines or some of its active principles or components will depend in those countries with stronger economies.
The United States of America and Canada are the leading manufacturers and exporters to vaccines within the continent, they also have the strictest legislation that regulate and control the distribution of vaccines. Mexico and Brazil are some of the largest producer of vaccines in Latin America also occupying an important twelfth to twentieth place in the world. Understanding the dynamic of this market as well its regulation and actors is very important for everyone who tries to open up an interesting market in the region as well to those interested in public health.
INTRODUCTION
The panorama of the actual pharmaceutical sector is characterized by an increase in the demand for medicines and biotechnological products to meet medical needs that have not yet been effectively treated. This panorama is widely distributed, not only at national and regional level but actually it’s a worldwide trend. Vaccine production worldwide is one of the pillars of the economies of developed countries, and the basis of biotechnological development of many countries in the world.
Modern Vaccine production has been occurring for approximately 200 years when the first tests of effectiveness gave successful results. In this sense countries like France and England began to lead the production of vaccines among its inhabitants. Within the ancient history of vaccines, some reports from the 11th century indicate that there were very ancient forms of vaccination. Minimal portions of pus or liquid waste infected with purulent materials were passed from person to person. In Europe at the beginning of the century and if eight, Lady Mary Montagu introduced the procedure of inoculating infectious waste from chickenpox in humans however in the late 1700's when an English rural doctor experimented with vaccination through smallpox lymph(Dinc & Ulman, 2007).
The history of vaccines has some interesting milestones, however the discovery and development of toxins and the vaccine against tuberculosis were some of the most important and you in this process. Years later the process of production of vaccines was technified through the introduction of vaccines formulated through purified proteins and later vaccines with plays of genetic material(Plotkin, 2005). Vaccine production has been liberated by those countries with a technology industry large enough to supply the needs of each country, yet many of these countries have given the great potential of vaccines within the structural change of a technology-based economy(Leydesdorff, 2010).
In this brief chapter on the production of vaccines in the Americas we will summarize the most important milestones in the production of biologicals in each of the countries of North Central and South America and then give us a little more in which they are the vaccination tables required by each of these countries.
VACCINES IN CANADA
In the spring of 1885, when smallpox entered Montreal, as a consequence of two drivers who arrived infected from Chicago, the epidemic was found in the Hôtel-Dieu hospital at an early stage and then out of the hospital. In 1884 an affected smallpox epidemic east of Ontario was the first opportunity for the Provincial Health Council to control the threat. After so much time of trying to prevent more of the spread of this disease, the government recruited medical students to vaccinate door-to-door. Actually, according to CMAJ magazine, Canada has a better vaccination strategy than to identify epidemic outbreaks, which years ago little organization and the provinces alone was mandatory vaccine to enter schools(Industry Canada, 2013).
With the implementation of the "Panorama" system in Canada vaccination is easier in this country thanks to this system collects data and identifies outbreaks of the provinces that participate in the country. Sanofi Pasteur is one of the leading companies worldwide for the production of vaccines against 20 infectious diseases. They have several production centers in various parts of the world, including: USA, Canada, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, etc(Damron & Damron, 2013).
Sanofi Pasteur produces vaccines for:
- Bacterial diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, whooping cough, pneumococcal infections, tetanus, etc.
- Viral diseases such as hepatitis A and B, influenza, measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, rabbi, rubella, etc.
Other vaccine producing companies in Canada are Merieux NutriSciences and Connaught.
VACCINES IN UNITED STATES
The request of the medical products in the United Estates grew up substantially between the ends of the nineties and 2010, stimulated in huge part by the emergence of new technology and new medical service. In the last years this demand has been satisfied mostly by imported products. For example, at the beginning of 2002, the importations of the pharmaceutical products and biological substances have grown up more than twice and the importations of medical dispositive have been quadruplicated. The pharmaceutics products of foreign origin represent about 40% of the medicine consumed and a surprising 80% of the active ingredient in the medication comes from the exterior(Rubin et al., 2010).
Some countries have developed the program of the vaccines. In the United Estates, the program for the accelerate developed of vaccines have a annual budget of $100 millions. Wyeth Vaccines have income during the during the first 12 months after the launching of a conjugated neumococic 7-valente vaccine in the EE. UU and a conjugated meningococic of the group C vaccine in United Kingdom. In the 2014 the health authorities start the first tests of vaccination in healthy adults for prevent the ebola(Lyon et al., 2014). The vaccine was developed by the NIAID and the GlaxoSmithKline pharmaceutics. The process lasted 48 weeks and the participants were subjected to regularity controls(Orenstein, Douglas, Rodewald, & Hinman, 2005).
VACCINES IN MEXICO
From the year 1939 began the production of vaccines in Mexico, starting as the National Institute of Hygiene. Towards 1970 it becomes the National Institute of Virology recognized by WHO as a Regional center of reference for vaccines, producing particularly vaccines against rabies, measles, tetanus and poliomyelitis. Having a production of 90% of the vaccines required between the years 1956 and 1960. In 1999, the General Management of Biological and Reactive was reduced to the parastatal company Birmex. With this antecedent, in 1998, when the MMR vaccine was introduced, Mexico ceased to be self-sufficient in the production of vaccines, in 2007 it recognizes the need to revive national production to stop depending on the international(Santos, 2002).
The pharmaceutical industry in Mexico represents the second drug market in Latin America and ranks 12th worldwide. Each year Birmex imports, controls and distributes about 20 million doses of seasonal influenza vaccine, which are delivered to health Sector institutions. The parastatal is responsible for manufacturing oral ant polio vaccines and the TD against tetanus produces 25 million doses and 12 million against diphtheria, which covers the demand at the national level. However, Birmex plants have the capacity to produce up to 100 millions of vaccines a year, as well as two antidotes for the venom of Scorpion and vipers(Tamez, Eibenschutz, Zafra, & Ramírez, 2016).
In 1998, Birmex produced 100 millions of units and today produces 25 million. With the certification of the COFEPRIS, Birmex is going to come back to the 100 millions of units.
In Mexico we also find Sanofi Pasteur is a leading global vaccine company. Sanofi Pasteur collaborates with the Mexican authorities to provide a comprehensive portfolio of vaccines against infectious diseases: among these we find 15 vaccines that occur in Mexico against whooping cough, meningococcal disease, influenza, tetanus, diphtheria, among others.
It has a plant in Ocoyoacac, state of Mexico, where vaccine antigens are manufactured against influenza, has a capacity of 30 million doses for seasonal influenza and 90 million in the event of a pandemic, the plant was inaugurated in 2012.
VACCINES IN CUBA
The information about the pharmaceutical market in Cuba is not totally clear neither available due to political reasons, however in this section we are going to explore the data that is available regarding health access and the drug market in the island of Cuba.
According to data coming from the national pharmaceutical bureau, Biocubafarma and collected during 2008 to 2013, the Cuban pharmaceutical industry generated more than 2.7 billion dollars in pharmaceutical products, a very interesting amount considering that Cuban exports their products to many countries not only in the region but in the world(Armayor, Lantigua, Alen, ↦ Batista, 2013; Baly Gil, Toledo, ↦ Rodríguez Jústiz, 2001; Campion ↦ Morrissey, 2013).
According to ONEI, the Cuban health system is characterized by having one of the most comprehensive primary care programs in the world, the lowest infant mortality rate in Latin America and free services for the entire population.
- The Finlay Institute of Vaccines (FIV)
The Finlay Institute is a scientific organization created in honor of Dr. Carlos Juan Finlay, a renowned Cuban epidemiologist, who discovered that yellow fever is transmitted through an intermediate biological agent, capable of propagating the disease from a sick subject to a healthy one(Rojas Ochoa, 2011).
The following vaccines are produced:
- Trivalent antileptospiricosic vaccine.
- Polysaccharide Antimeningococcal Vaccine
- Meningococcal vaccine
More than 90 products are currently being investigated in more than 60 clinical trials. These figures are expected to increase, "says Dr. Di Fabio.
VACCINES IN HONDURAS
The Health Organizations in Honduras in search of prevention of diseases such as Pneumococcus and Yellow Fever, among the most outstanding, has sought the best treatment for these diseases and together with pharmaceutical companies such as Farsiman, Henie Farma, Karnel, MC Pharmaceutics Corporation, Finlay, Infarma, among others; Seek to supply the population of Honduras(Colombia, 2004).
Honduras has the first strategic ally of the PAHO Vaccine Revolving Fund. The Ministry of Health responsible for the introduction of this vaccine is currently seeking to control the following diseases.
As one of the most relevant, it is worth mentioning that the Pneumococcal vaccine is the result of the effort that the Government of Honduras has been carrying out in coordination with the Gavi Alliance, the Pan American Health Organization and UNICEF, as part of the comprehensive and preventive actions Which the Ministry of Health provides to Honduran children(Janusz et al., 2015).
Honduras has one of the best immunization programs in the Americas, demonstrated through the monitoring of coverage performed as part of the international assessments, so it is considered that the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine to the national immunization scheme of Honduras Will be successful.
However, we continue to develop infrastructure as materials to fully meet the requirements for these vaccines.
VACCINES IN NICARAGUA
The health authorities of Russia and Nicaragua decided to put in Managua a laboratory that will serve to produce vaccines against epidemics, and to supply the other countries of Central America. This Russian-Nicaraguan vaccine production plant was named ElieMéchnikov.
Russia said that this laboratory will enhance the technologies of biomedicine to eliminate deadly diseases, such as dengue, chikunguña and yellow fever, and also emphasized that the production of influenza vaccines will enable the entire Central American region to be supplied. And at least 15 millions of influenza vaccines will be produced at a first stage in that laboratory(Acuña et al., 2014).
The vaccines produced in Nicaragua will be marketed at an affordable price for Central America and the countries of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of America (ALBA), according to the Government of Nicaragua.
The laboratory represents an investment of 21 million dollars, of which 14 million were assumed by Nicaragua and 7 million by Russia. Same is equipped with technology from the San Petersburg Vaccine and Serum Institute.
According to OEC, Nicaragua imports packaged medicines, reflected in $294 million. The main origins of its imports are the United States ($1.09 billion), China ($864 million), Mexico ($697 million), Guatemala ($503 million) and Costa Rica ($496 million).
VACCINES IN PANAMA
In Panama the principal pharmaceutic house is Sanofi, At the moment there are no exact figures on the number of vaccines produced in Panama, however it should be stressed that in 2010 was very important to find the vaccine against H1N1; Exporting large quantities of these vaccines to Chile and the Central American region. It should be emphasized that the vaccines to be able to be in the country are (obligatorily) the Vaccine against yellow fever; And those recommended for Tetanus-diphtheria / Tetanus-diphtheria whooping cough; The triple virus (measles, rubella, mumps); The hepatitis A and B vaccine(Makinen, Kaddar, Molldrem, ↦ Wilson, 2012) (Spanish Vaccine Association, 2008)
VACCINES IN COLOMBIA
"The public laboratories producing vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean have contributed in varying degrees to the control and eradication of preventable diseases by vaccination and several are producing vaccines that are routinely applied in national immunization programs" (Homma.A, 2007) Colombia in recent years has had a relevant progress in the development of new processes that allow control of the health.
In the month of November 2016 was presented a vaccine against Malaria, the "Colombian Falciparum Vaccine" (Colfavac); This vaccine was developed by the Foundation Institute of Immunology of Colombia (Fidic) and created by the scientist Manuel Elkin Patarroyo and his team, belonging to the Foundation, this was achieved after 35 years of research(Rojas, Amador, Posada, ↦ Patarroyo, 1993). After passing through several rigorous processes and animal testing, vaccine will be finally tested in humans; this will be done in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and expected good results.
- Biotoscana
- Procesos de Manufactura Prom
- Vesalius Pharma
- Sanofi Pasteur
- "Sanofi Pasteur offers the broad estrange of vaccines in the world, protecting against 20 bacterial and viral diseases."
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (Fidic)
- SGS –Vacunas y productos biológicos
- Sanofi Colombia-
- D: dose.
- R: Reinforcement.
- BCG: Tuberculosis vaccine.
- VPO: Oral multipurpose vaccine; Sabin (Anti-polio).
- DTP: Vaccine Triple bacterial (Antitetanic + Diphtheria + Anticoqueluchosa).
- Hib: Vaccine Antihaemophilusinfluenzae
- HBV: Hepatitis B vaccine.
- SRP: Viral Triple Vaccine (Antiparasitic + Antirububeolic + Antiparotiditis).
- Td: Double vaccine (Antitetanic + Diphtheria).
However with the passing of the years the vaccines schedule has changed and there for the doses and medication shave changed; Thus we have, until today the following schedule and ended by the "Ministry of health of Colombia" - "Minsalud", where you can check a better organization and further description on the use fulness of the vaccine and its relation with age and dose:
VACCINES IN VENEZUELA
Venezuela produce vaccines against the H1N1 flu that are elaborated in Quimbiotec (Venezuelan pharmaceutical company, 2010). Will also include the pandemic strain A (H1N1), following notifications by the World Health Organization (WHO). Another type of vaccine that was developed in 2008 with the help of Cuban professionals is for the four types of dengue.
This was a press release from the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC). The problem they had was to understand the role played by the protein located on the surface of the dengue virus in the immune response.
The Venezuelan Society of Infectious Diseases stated that for the 21st century the future will be for the combination vaccines that contain multiple valences. Valence is the number of different antigens in a vaccine: for example, a trivalent vaccine has three antigens(Aldao, 2005).
In mid-2013 the Venezuelan vaccine factory began operating, which will be located at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. It indicated that the factory will be able to produce 50 million vaccines, once it is in 100% of its productive capacity
VACCINES IN PERU
Peru reaches the vaccination program in 1984 with a percentage of 20% coverage at this time had already been diagnosed with hundreds of cases of polio and measles deaths and thousands of cases of diphtheria and tetanus in newborn babies and at the population level. This improved over time and in the year of 1994 Peru reaches the 80% coverage. It was then when certain specific campaigns for disease control, and already in the year of 1992 Peru had the last case of poliomyelitis in the Americas in the village of Pichanaki Department of Junín. In this country, the coverage of vaccination are greater in urban than in rural zones.
There is no regular access to vaccines, and is only accessible to those places by brigades that are made during the days of vaccination. However, the Peruvian State, independent of governments, has made a great effort to maintain as a priority the issue of vaccination. Today the 100% of the vaccines to be used for the regular vaccination program are bought by the State(Calderón, 2010; Crisante, 2013).
The UNICEF since 1982 has played a large role in the collaboration for the Peruvian State to strengthen the immunization program, bringing vaccines and support all the actions corresponding to vaccination this association contributed $2'200.000 dollars for the purchase of vaccines that were used to run a vaccination campaign against measles and rubella, also in the last 4 years has established a close working relationship between Peru and France where it is allowed to Peru to participate together in the design and implementation of technology transfer projects needed to intervene in the processes of manufacture of vaccines. All of these contributions have been made to develop new vaccines and other innate prevail for use even in current times, as for example has been left to develop vaccines against smallpox because there is this virus, polio and measles( virus most representative in Peru) are still present because they have managed to control the movement of the viruses that produce, Rubella is a virus still present despite not produces mortality, but it can cause damage to the fetus and this makes it important for the scientific study prevalence and health provided, among other examples, while the new vaccines include : the avian flu, however its cost is high and this virus changes every year and the production of a new vaccine each year is essential(ZUNINO, 2002).
VACCINES IN BRAZIL
Brazil has a large extension of vaccines since they have been found very compatible in several biological aspects but since each vaccine is specific for each age, these vaccines are more related to the elderly.
It presents a picture of the main vaccines produced by Brazil and especially this classification is given by the diseases in the country, however the vaccines that do not produce but need to purchase through the OMS Revolving Fund(Rezaie, McGahan, Daar, ↦ Singer, 2012).
With several data has come to know that Brazil has produced vaccines but have been especially for export such as measles and rubella vaccines to be made for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; This foundation did something very important, such as the donation of some of these vaccines to poor countries that really need vaccines and because of the low resources they can´t get (África). The fact that Brazil exports vaccines (SRP) is because they are the most frequent for example in the year 2013 had records of measles outbreak very frequent because it started in one place and was expanding very quickly until it reached A neighboring state (Ceará) where it has not been able to control and serious cases still exist.
VACCINES IN BOLIVIA
In 1826 concern arose about the mortality of the Bolivarian population due to smallpox, since that event the president of that time, Antonio Jose de Sucre ordered the application of injectables as a means of treatment for the epidemic that stalked the population. Since this event, vaccines have become a way of healing used to date, even developed a smallpox vaccine by the Medical Institute Sucre (IMS) and for better regulation in the country's health field, the Government created The Expanded Program on Immunization (PAI) in 1979, which was aimed at controlling, eliminating and eradicating diseases through vaccination, has greatly influenced health, currently Bolivia has lived 29 years without polio, 15 years without measles and 9 without rubella.
The importation of vaccines from Bolivia comes from South Korea, India, France, Belgium and the United States through the Revolving Fund of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) The Ministry of Health, along with the Departmental Health Services (SEDES) are responsible for the field of vaccination of Bolivia, in the current government of Evo Morales, the Ministry of Health through these two entities purchase vaccines, with the aim of having a population Healthier and in order to minimize the mortality rate due to certain diseases, in the past years acquired vaccines was through donations, however currently the Ministry of Health makes investments to obtain vaccines from the countries already mentioned.
At the moment, Bolivia is not participating in the pharmaceutical export market, because it does not have enough technology to produce this type of medicine. However, the current president announced some progress in the creation of a Bolivarian Cuban pharmaceutical company as a new way forward in the field of health in Bolivia, in order to manufacture drugs such as retroviral oncology, vaccines and products for the so-called Neglected diseases.
The national immunization scheme has 11 vaccines that protect the entire Bolivarian population from 17 diseases. Since 2006-2007, the EPI has implemented a comprehensive approach that covers the whole family, from the newborn, children under five, adolescents , Pregnant women, older adults and people belonging to risk groups (with underlying diseases). Within this National Vaccination Scheme, the following vaccines are found, which are applied in different doses according to the corresponding age and varies the application form that can be via intradermal, muscular, oral and subcutaneous(Gobierno de Bolivia, 2013).
BCG Vaccine Anti-tuberculosis, anti-polio, anti-pneumococcal, anti-rotavirus, seasonal antipyretic pediatric, SRP Vaccine Antiretroviral + antiarrhythmic + Antiparotiditis, DTP Vaccine Triple bacterial (Antitetanic + Diphtheria + Anticoqueluchosa).
It is of vital importance that children up to 5 years of age must complete the whole vaccination scheme in order to receive sufficient and total immunity to prevent diseases, in order to achieve this goal Bolivia has implemented a vaccination program from the newborns.
VACCINES IN PARAGUAY
“According to the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare (MSPBS) the number of inhabitants in the Republic of Paraguay in 2012 was 6 672 631 and its annual growth rate of 1.69%. Life expectancy in this country is 70 years for men and 74 years for women, where the five main causes of death are from first to fifth diseases of the circulatory system; Tumors; External causes of morbidity and mortality; Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical findings of laboratories not elsewhere classified; Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases". (Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, 2014).
"In 2011 health spending in Paraguay was $ 298.5 million in health, and in relation to pharmaceuticals there is a document on the national pharmaceutical policy called the National Drug Policy that was updated in 2001 but the problem is that there are no controls of your application. At present there is no policy in Paraguay to manage or sanction conflict of interest issues in pharmaceutical matters. "(Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, 2014).
"In 2013 there were 22 pharmaceutical manufacturers in Paraguay, pharmaceutical companies such as LASCA, S.A. And LaboratoriosCatedral S.A manufacture medicines with own brands and as for vaccines there is no solid data about the national production, only there are data about the importation of vaccines, are imported mostly from Mercosur members such as Argentina, Brazil and Chile. (Rico A., 1999). "The export of medicines in Paraguay is not significant, only small quantities of ethical and popular drugs are produced by the most important companies like LASCA and the main places where they are exported are Argentina and Bolivia, in the case of Argentina the medicines Manufactured in Paraguay, are licensed Argentina and the plants that manufacture the medicines meet the technical requirements established by the Ministry of Health of Argentina." (Rico A., 1999). "The production of basic medicines are assured by 50 small laboratories, these industries import the raw material and manufacture the products that are branded with national brand names." (Embassy of Spain, 2004)(Gimenez, 2012). "In Paraguay, access to medicines is free for children under five, pregnant women, the elderly and the poor. Likewise, the Immunizations for Children, thanks to the Expanded Program on Immunization are free". (Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, 2014).
"Other data provide information that in 2008, exports of drugs reached $ 19.5 million and the destinations of drugs were Bolivia, Uruguay and Chile. Paraguay is ranked tenth in the ranking of Latin American countries in terms of drug exports."(Technical Unit of Studies for the Industry, 2009).
VACCINES IN ARGENTINA
In Argentina three different public institutions are involved in the production of "vaccines". The Malbrán Institute produce TT and DTP vaccine in limited quantities within certain areas adapted for this purpose, but not necessarily appropriate. The Laboratory of the silver produced "vaccines" bacterial infections such as the BCG and DPT and is in similar terms to the Malbrán Institute. The Institute of Human Viral Diseases "Julio Maiztegui", in Parchment, is almost ready the laboratory for the production of vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic fever, which may be used to produce other antiviral "vaccines".
In Argentina, the Central Public Health Laboratory of the Province of Buenos Aires, also known as the Biological Institute de La Plata and the National Laboratories and Institutes (ANLIS-Malbrán) are the only institutions that produce "vaccines" that are in the National Immunization Schedule.
| The Institute Biological produce the vaccine BC | 1,600,000 doses twice/year and the adults |
|---|---|
| ANLIS-Malbran | Double annual doses 200,000 adults. |
Anu vaccine alternative for HPV
Gonzalo Prat Gay and Leonardo Alonso, the CONICET researchers at the Institute of biochemical investigations of Buenos Aires (IIBBA CONICET- Instituto Leloir), developed an alternative technology to produce a vaccine against HPV, which is currently in preclinical stage. "Historically, the vast majority of the "vaccines" were obtained from the inactivated virus. This means that statistically the 99.99 percent of viruses are 'dead', but the remaining 0.01 may result in a significant number of people infected in a population of 40 million inhabitants," says Prat Gay. It should be noted that all studies are funded by the Government of Argentina.
Immunize Against giardiasis
Fernando David Rivero, Biochemist, Research Assistant at the Center for Research and Development in Immunology and Infectious Diseases in Córdoba (CIDIE, CONICET), design together with scientists from the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba) anu oral vaccine against giardiasis, caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia.
According to the World Health Organization this disease infects 200 million people in Africa, Asia and Latin America, with particular impact on children up to five years for being a stage of development where good nutrition is vital.
The purpose of the vaccine is to fight this intestinal parasite, which can lead to eating disorders severe bad absorption syndromes and whose most severe form are malnutrition, dehydration and diarrhea, which in some cases can cause death.
Vaccine against Chagas Diseaseel
Specialists of the Institute for the Study of humoral immunity (IDEHU) and the Institute for Research in medical microbiology and parasitology (IMPAM) led by Emilio Malchiodi, work from more than three decades ago in the subject. How to create a vaccine for the Chagas disease "the acute treatment of Chagas disease consists in the administration of a drug called benznidazole. It is important when the parasite is in circulation, but inside of the tissues that is hosting the Trypanosoma, it does not eliminate it. As soon as enters the body, the parasite invades macrophages that are very aggressive cells of the immune system, as well taking this as a point of departure these scientists began to create a vaccine against this evil developed a molecule that combines three antigens and protects against infection that causes the disease
"Vaccines" that are being created in Argentina
Argentina is getting ready for the fight against the complaint with the start of the distribution of 12 million doses of vaccine, manufactured in a plant with the capacity to supply all of South America. The laboratory, located in the village of Garin and belonging to the company of Sinergium Biotech, the group Insud, it even has the right technology to manufacture the vaccine of the zika as soon as it is tested and certified. "Vaccines" are certified by the National Administration of Medicine, Food and Medical Technology (ANMAT), whose certification is recognized by all South American countries except Brazil, which allows it to produce and distribute immediately. The development can take between four and five more years until its final approval, after which may be developed, among other places, on the ground of Insud Garin. "For us, it is a pride to have a laboratory who is working in the vaccine of the zika, as well as the possibility to dispose of it and it comes out of our own laboratories", the minister said Lemus In statements to EFE. For the production of "vaccines" against the zika and paste for this are implementing numerous studies and finish creation of vaccine against these two men.
VACCINES IN URUGUAY
Uruguay is one of the main cattle countries of South America, so the production of vaccines in this country and research is optimal with respect to cattle and for that reason vascular information was found in these and little in Human Medicine.
However there are two laboratories that work together with the Ministry of Public Health of Uruguay for the national production of vaccines, these are The Pasteur Institute of Montevideo and the Clausen Laboratory.
According to the agreements signed with the public entity and the two pharmacies that produce inoculations against seasonal influenza and those that comprise the Certificate Scheme of vaccination, which opens new lines of research and generates qualified work Vaccines are produced to combat seasonal influenza. Also, it is possible the AH1N1, in which Uruguay has a lot of interest but is in a situation that is in the process of being studied. Authorities recognized that this opens lines of research involving biochemists, biologists, chemical engineers, and for all professionals working in the production of vaccines and prevention of diseases.
In this initial stage, seasonal influenza vaccine and the pneumococcal vaccine This initiative fulfills one of the objectives of the Pasteur Institute in its establishment in Montevideo, which is to contribute to research, innovation and development. For its part, the Clausen Laboratory meets the requirements and that the physical plant was installed in Uruguay already works with biological products.
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